Wednesday, December 21, 2011
Saturday, December 17, 2011
Monday, December 5, 2011
Sunday, December 4, 2011
Metabolism-Phenylketonuria
What enzyme is most commonly defective in people with phenylketonuria?
-Phenylalanine, which is an amino acid in another amino acid.
What reaction does this enzyme catalyze? What is substrates? and What product is produced?
-The enzyme catalyzes phenylalanine hydroxylase(PAH)
-A block is produced in a biochemical pathway.
-Thyroxine,dopa, and melanin is produced.
Describe the symptoms of phenylketonuria?
-The symptoms for the most severe are infants appear normal until they are a few months, without treatment children develop permanent intellectual disability,seizures,delayed development,behavioral problems,psychiatric problems, musty or mouse-like odors a side effect,children have lighter skin and hair then there parents, and skin disorders such as eczema.
-The symptoms for the less severe have smaller risk of brain damage, babies born to mothers who have it, have ur controlled phenylalanine levels,have a risk of intellectual disability,infants may also have low birth weight and grow more slowly than other children,medical problems,and women with PKU have an increased risk of pregnancy loss.
What causes the symptoms of PKU, the lack of a substance or the buildup of one?
-Enzyme causes it by the build up in the body to high levels.
How common is phenylketonuria? How is it treated?
-Phenylketonuria is a rare inherited condition.
-The treatment is a low protein diet;you can't was alot of meat,cheese,poultry,eggs,and milk.
-Phenylalanine, which is an amino acid in another amino acid.
What reaction does this enzyme catalyze? What is substrates? and What product is produced?
-The enzyme catalyzes phenylalanine hydroxylase(PAH)
-A block is produced in a biochemical pathway.
-Thyroxine,dopa, and melanin is produced.
Describe the symptoms of phenylketonuria?
-The symptoms for the most severe are infants appear normal until they are a few months, without treatment children develop permanent intellectual disability,seizures,delayed development,behavioral problems,psychiatric problems, musty or mouse-like odors a side effect,children have lighter skin and hair then there parents, and skin disorders such as eczema.
-The symptoms for the less severe have smaller risk of brain damage, babies born to mothers who have it, have ur controlled phenylalanine levels,have a risk of intellectual disability,infants may also have low birth weight and grow more slowly than other children,medical problems,and women with PKU have an increased risk of pregnancy loss.
What causes the symptoms of PKU, the lack of a substance or the buildup of one?
-Enzyme causes it by the build up in the body to high levels.
How common is phenylketonuria? How is it treated?
-Phenylketonuria is a rare inherited condition.
-The treatment is a low protein diet;you can't was alot of meat,cheese,poultry,eggs,and milk.
Friday, November 18, 2011
Cystic Fibrosis
Symptoms
-Very salty(tasting skin)
-Persistent coughing at times with phlegm
-Frequent lung infections
-Wheezing or shortness of breath
-Poor growth/weight gain in spite of a good appetite
-Frequent greasy, bulky stools or difficulty in bowel movements
How common is this dissorder?
-About 1,000 new cases of cystic fibrosis are diagnosed each year
-More than 70% of patients are diagnosed by age two
-More than 45% of the cystic fibrosis patient population is age 18 or older
-The predicted median age of survival for a person with CF is in the late 30's
How is CF diagnosed?
-Most people ate diagnosed with CF at birth through newborn screening, or before the age of two.
How is CF inherited? Does everyone who has a mutant gene for the protein have cystic fibrosis?
-If parents have it you have a chance of getting it.-No, both parents have it you have CF and the kids will have a 25% chance of getting it.
Explain the normal functions of the protein that is defective in CF?
-The basic defect in CF arises particularly in the epithelial cells living the airways of the lung.
What happens to this protein in CF patients and what are the consequences for the health of these individuals?
-The vital chloride channel is blocked which means there is no movement of chloride ions into the mucus. With no ionic gradient, there is no need for Watertown move towards the surface and the mucus dries out.
Explain at least 3 treatments for the symptoms of cystic fibrosis?
-Lung transplant-Go into surgery and replace a lung with a healthy lung.
-Liver transplant-Go into surgery and replace the diseased liver and replace it with a healthy liver.
-Gene therapy-Altering the genes inside your bodys cells to stop the disease.
Discuss at least 3 ways for patents to help their children who have CF?
-Drink lots of fluid-Fluid intake can help thin the mucus in your lungs.
-Exercise-Helps loosen mucus in your airways and strengthens your heart and lungs.
-Elliminate smoke-Don't smoke or allow others to smoke around you.
-Very salty(tasting skin)
-Persistent coughing at times with phlegm
-Frequent lung infections
-Wheezing or shortness of breath
-Poor growth/weight gain in spite of a good appetite
-Frequent greasy, bulky stools or difficulty in bowel movements
How common is this dissorder?
-About 1,000 new cases of cystic fibrosis are diagnosed each year
-More than 70% of patients are diagnosed by age two
-More than 45% of the cystic fibrosis patient population is age 18 or older
-The predicted median age of survival for a person with CF is in the late 30's
How is CF diagnosed?
-Most people ate diagnosed with CF at birth through newborn screening, or before the age of two.
How is CF inherited? Does everyone who has a mutant gene for the protein have cystic fibrosis?
-If parents have it you have a chance of getting it.-No, both parents have it you have CF and the kids will have a 25% chance of getting it.
Explain the normal functions of the protein that is defective in CF?
-The basic defect in CF arises particularly in the epithelial cells living the airways of the lung.
What happens to this protein in CF patients and what are the consequences for the health of these individuals?
-The vital chloride channel is blocked which means there is no movement of chloride ions into the mucus. With no ionic gradient, there is no need for Watertown move towards the surface and the mucus dries out.
Explain at least 3 treatments for the symptoms of cystic fibrosis?
-Lung transplant-Go into surgery and replace a lung with a healthy lung.
-Liver transplant-Go into surgery and replace the diseased liver and replace it with a healthy liver.
-Gene therapy-Altering the genes inside your bodys cells to stop the disease.
Discuss at least 3 ways for patents to help their children who have CF?
-Drink lots of fluid-Fluid intake can help thin the mucus in your lungs.
-Exercise-Helps loosen mucus in your airways and strengthens your heart and lungs.
-Elliminate smoke-Don't smoke or allow others to smoke around you.
Thursday, October 20, 2011
Antacids Blog
We did a lab where we had four different kinds of antacids, four cups of vinegar, and PH level papers.We crushed the antacids, put them in a cups and then stirred it. This lab was to prove how our acids in our stomach works, and how you never want a lot of acid in your stomach.
Tuesday, October 18, 2011
Saturday, October 8, 2011
Collagen Web Quest
I did "HYDRATION STRUCTURE OF A COLLAGEN PEPTIDE".The primary structure of collagen is triple helix. The major amino acid is acetic acid.Vitamin C plays a role in the collagen formation for hydration.When a person doesn't get enough vitamin C in their diet then they can become dehydrated and get a lot of sickness.The quaternary structure of collagen is carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen.
The main symptom of Osteogenesis Imperfecta is fragile bones that break easily.
Some other symptoms that people have with OI is muscle weakness,hearing loss,fatigue, joint laxity,curved bones,scoliosis,blue sclera,Dentinogenesis imperfecta (brittle teeth),and short stature. TypeI OI differ from the others because it is the mildest and most common form of the disorder. It also is characterized with mild bone fragility, relatively few fractures, and minimal limb deformities. A child may be average or slightly shorter-than-average as compared with unaffected family members, but is still within the normal range for the age.
There is a high incidence of hearing loss,(occurs primarily in young adulthood, but it may occur in early childhood). It is inherited from an affected parent, or in previously unaffected families, it results from a spontaneous mutation. Lastly, issues that arise with OI TypeI are joint and ligament weakness and instability, muscle weakness, the need to prevent fracture cycles, and the necessity of spine protection.
The role of collagen in bones is to make you be stable and strong. Collagen can lead to bone problems by the fibers not being strong and putting out.
The main symptom of Osteogenesis Imperfecta is fragile bones that break easily.
Some other symptoms that people have with OI is muscle weakness,hearing loss,fatigue, joint laxity,curved bones,scoliosis,blue sclera,Dentinogenesis imperfecta (brittle teeth),and short stature. TypeI OI differ from the others because it is the mildest and most common form of the disorder. It also is characterized with mild bone fragility, relatively few fractures, and minimal limb deformities. A child may be average or slightly shorter-than-average as compared with unaffected family members, but is still within the normal range for the age.
There is a high incidence of hearing loss,(occurs primarily in young adulthood, but it may occur in early childhood). It is inherited from an affected parent, or in previously unaffected families, it results from a spontaneous mutation. Lastly, issues that arise with OI TypeI are joint and ligament weakness and instability, muscle weakness, the need to prevent fracture cycles, and the necessity of spine protection.
The role of collagen in bones is to make you be stable and strong. Collagen can lead to bone problems by the fibers not being strong and putting out.
Monday, October 3, 2011
Carb ID Lab
The three categories of carbohydrates studied in this investigation are Monosaccharides, Disaccharides , and polysaccharide.
The three elements that are present in all carbohydrates are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Monosaccharides- Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose
Disaccharides- Lactose and Sucrose
Polysaccharides- Starches- amylose,cellulose, and glycogen
Water has 2 hydrogen atoms and it also has 1 oxygen atoms.
carbohydrates has hydrogen 32 atoms and it also has 16 oxygen atoms.
Mono,Di, and Poly are used describing sugars because mono means one sugar molecule, Di means two monosaccharides bound chemical, and Poly means multiple single sugars that go into a more complex molecule
If a sugar is a monosaccharide then it stays the same.
If a sugar is a disaccharide then it turns a dark color.
If a sugar is a polysaccharide then it turns to a cream color.
A certain saccharide has a color changing solution in the Benedict's solution is mono because mono is
the only sugar/saccharide that does any color changing
The saccharide that has a color change in Benedict's solution is disaccharide because it changes the solution a dark color.
Corn syrup, glucose, and galactose are foods that contains monosaccharides. Lactose, sucrose, and table sugar are foods that contains disaccharides. Flour, starch, and cheerios are foods that contains polysaccharides.3
The three elements that are present in all carbohydrates are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Monosaccharides- Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose
Disaccharides- Lactose and Sucrose
Polysaccharides- Starches- amylose,cellulose, and glycogen
Water has 2 hydrogen atoms and it also has 1 oxygen atoms.
carbohydrates has hydrogen 32 atoms and it also has 16 oxygen atoms.
Mono,Di, and Poly are used describing sugars because mono means one sugar molecule, Di means two monosaccharides bound chemical, and Poly means multiple single sugars that go into a more complex molecule
If a sugar is a monosaccharide then it stays the same.
If a sugar is a disaccharide then it turns a dark color.
If a sugar is a polysaccharide then it turns to a cream color.
A certain saccharide has a color changing solution in the Benedict's solution is mono because mono is
the only sugar/saccharide that does any color changing
The saccharide that has a color change in Benedict's solution is disaccharide because it changes the solution a dark color.
Corn syrup, glucose, and galactose are foods that contains monosaccharides. Lactose, sucrose, and table sugar are foods that contains disaccharides. Flour, starch, and cheerios are foods that contains polysaccharides.3
Friday, September 23, 2011
Macromolecules in cells
Macromolecules is a class of large molecules that are very important biologically. A monomer is several small molecular structures that may be chemically bonded together to form long multipart polymer molecules. A polymer is a large molecule made up of similar or identical subunits called monomers. The four main types of macromolecules are proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Macromolecules are generally built by combining many single units or monomers into larger units called polymers. Monomers are joined together by condensation reactions. Polymers are broken down by hydrolysis. The specific name for the bond between specific sugar monomers is nucleotides. Polymers join monomers together. To build a polysaccharide monomers have to be linked together by glycosidic linkages. Sugar is stored as glycogen in the human body because it gives you energy. Plant foods are essential to animal life because it is digestible and has vitamins, minerals, and fiber.Starch is digested by animals by turning it into fiber. Fiber is important to your body because it cleans out all the nasty stuff bad things in your body. You pass gas because of the food you eat. Some disadvantages to a low carb diet is diet compliance, don't get enough nutrients, and have a risk of getting cancer.Sugar plays a big role in cavity formation in your teeth because it can help your enamel which makes your teeth strong.
Monday, September 19, 2011
Water Traveling Experiment
In Biology class my group and I did a water experiment where we had two beakers, a 16.9 inch string, tape, and a desk. We connected the ends of the string to each beaker with the tape filled one of the beakers up with water and then had one person out of our group stand on a desk and pour the water onto the string which traveled to the other beaker and filled up the other beaker on the floor with water.We did this experiment to see how far water could travel on a string and if it was even possible. Adhesion and cohesion helped a lot in this lab especially when the water was traveling down the string. If water dint have cohesion or adhesion it wouldn't have stuck to the string.Water is the shape it is because of the two hydrogen molecules and one oxygen molecule.
Tuesday, September 6, 2011
Animals, plants, and humans
Independent variable is a variable that is changed to observe It's affect on the Dependent variable. Dependent variable is It changes when the independent variable changes. On the corn experiment, the ECB was the independent and the corn was the dependent, with out the ECB the corn wouldn't have grown. So you had to have both variables to have good corn.Also, it depended on how you grew your corn, like if you wanted it to be infected or not.
Clinical trials are health-related research studies in humans and follow a protocol.Usually drugs or devices for humans are tested on small animals. It goes through different phases if it works on the animals, like how the drug or device should be used. Researchers must inform the patients of the different possibilities before the patient decides to participate. If it is approved and workshops then that's when it comes out on commercials and things like that.
I researched controlled phase clinical trial of Idebenone in Patients with Primary progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis(MS) is an inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system that weakens and destroys the pathways of the nervous system. The purpose is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of using idebenone to treat progressive multiple sclerosis. The duration of the study is seven years. The outcome of this trial is the Inhibition of development of the brain compares to individualized rates of progression ofbetween atrophy between idebenone and placebo. To participate in this study you have to be 18years-65years of age who have been diagnosed with primary progressive multiple sclerosis. A placebo is a fake medication or treatment designed to resemble a drug or treatment and given in the same way. Also this relates to the double blind study which is an experimental procedure in which neither the subjects of the experiment nor the persons administering the experiment know the critical aspects of the experiment.
Clinical trials are health-related research studies in humans and follow a protocol.Usually drugs or devices for humans are tested on small animals. It goes through different phases if it works on the animals, like how the drug or device should be used. Researchers must inform the patients of the different possibilities before the patient decides to participate. If it is approved and workshops then that's when it comes out on commercials and things like that.
I researched controlled phase clinical trial of Idebenone in Patients with Primary progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis(MS) is an inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system that weakens and destroys the pathways of the nervous system. The purpose is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of using idebenone to treat progressive multiple sclerosis. The duration of the study is seven years. The outcome of this trial is the Inhibition of development of the brain compares to individualized rates of progression ofbetween atrophy between idebenone and placebo. To participate in this study you have to be 18years-65years of age who have been diagnosed with primary progressive multiple sclerosis. A placebo is a fake medication or treatment designed to resemble a drug or treatment and given in the same way. Also this relates to the double blind study which is an experimental procedure in which neither the subjects of the experiment nor the persons administering the experiment know the critical aspects of the experiment.
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